What Does It Take to Be a Recording Engineer?
By Keits Hatschek
By Keits Hatschek
If you are wondering what it would take to break into the industry as a recording engineer, here's a list of skills that you can begin to develop to position yourself as a future top engineer. Notice that four of the skills are what I describe as "foundation skills," that is, they are likely to be required for any music industry job. The skills in the second group are termed "job specific skills" and relate specifically to your work in then recording studio.
Foundation Skills
1. You have to be able to read, write, and (yes,) follow instructions. Why is this critical in a recording studio to follow instructions? Well, you could damage the equipment. You’re working with people’s master recordings that are the result of thousands of hours and perhaps hundreds of thousands of dollars’ investment. More importantly, following instructions means that the studio, the first engineer, or the head tech can say, “Tim, go take care of this for me.” That person is not always going to have the time to sit and coach Tim through that activity. So they must be confident that Tim is going to be able to listen, integrate what the request is, and get it properly accomplished. If that’s the case, then Tim is a person a studio will want to employ. Because they can teach, mentor, and coach him, they can move him ahead on the career track. They can develop a valuable employee for the firm. Following instructions is critical to learning how to work successfully in any type of a studio or production environment.
2. The ability to communicate clearly. Many times when I was engineering a recording session, the producer or an artist said, “It just isn’t right. I don’t know what it is. It isn’t getting me.” We often spent hours trying to find out what it would take to “get them.” Or you may find yourself working with musicians from another culture or a new genre of music. You have to be able to communicate clearly in order to be as efficient as possible in the recording studio. Many of the delays and problems encountered in the studio are the result of poor or complete lack of communication skills. Knowing when to communicate is also crucial. With practice, you’ll learn when to tell an artist, “This isn’t working, what if we tried something like…” You also must know when it’s more appropriate to remain quiet and allow the producer or recording artist to solve that problem for themselves.
3. The ability to stay calm and cool. Artists get emotional in the studio. They’re pouring out their whole persona into their performance for everyone to hear. So, they do get emotional. A capable engineer must know how to stay cool when an artist vents their frustration. I’ve been in sessions where fights have broken out in the mix room between management and the band. People have actually taken a poke at each other. Generally, that’s not conducive to the creative process. You have to stay cool, and you have to remember your job is to keep the project on track.
4. Basic computer skills. How much computer knowledge do you need to make it as a recording engineer? Many aspiring sound engineers and producers have a good deal of knowledge and experience working on a computer in a sound recording and editing program. That’s certainly a plus. The more you know, the more valuable you’ll be. But you also need to master the basics such as how to type a letter with word processing software. You must know what a database is and how it works. You must know spreadsheet functions so you can use the computer to add, subtract, multiply, and divide. You must be comfortable with those three basic applications, in addition to the computer’s sound recording programs. You can get adequate computer “basic training” at your local community college. A basic computer class covering these applications will teach the fundamentals. If you walk into your first day as an intern or a gofer, and your boss tells you, “Go log these fifty tapes into the tape library,” and he points you to the computer and you can’t figure it out, you’re out. Should you be proficient on the Macintosh or the PC platform? Good question. Those using the computer for composing, sequencing, and making music tend to use the Mac. The folks who are counting the beans, checking whether the gear has been fixed or not, and managing the business are for the most part running PCs. It’s helpful to know both. All of the best computer editing software for sound and music initially was Mac-based. However, during the last few years, the PC is coming on strong with respect to music software, and many formerly Mac-based programs now run on the PC platform, too.
Job-Specific Skills
5. Critical listening skills. When I was working as a producer, a computer company came to me and said, “We made this disk of samples with some musical instrument sounds on it for computer users. It shows musical instrument graphics on the screen and then plays that instrument’s sounds. We’re getting quite a few back with complaints about the sound.” So they sent me one of the disks, and we loaded it up and played the sound file. It was a little tiny sound file, at a very low sampling rate. (Remember what the video game “Pong” sounded like?) And it sounded like a chainsaw. I told them, “Well, we don’t have the original sound source to do a comparison, but it kind of sounds like a chainsaw.” And they said, “Oh no, no, that’s a clarinet!” So the end-users were seeing a picture of a kid playing a clarinet on their computer screen, but they were hearing this chainsaw sound. It had been sampled with so much distortion that it didn’t even sound like a musical instrument anymore. In the studio, no one was listening to see if the musical instrument samples really sounded like instruments! That’s an extreme-but real-example of how critical listening skills could have saved a lot of time, money, and headaches. If you have not listened to or experienced music in an acoustic environment, you may not know what you’re listening for, and you’re going to have problems as an engineer. So, you’ve got to listen to music. And not just recorded music, because recorded music is an illusion of a performance, even if it is a live recording. The well-respected engineer and producer Bruce Swedien encourages up-and-coming engineers to get out and experience every type of music there is in a concert setting, from rock to opera to string quartets to jazz, folk, big band, and blues. Bruce reminds young engineers that records are sonic illusions or sound paintings. In order to become a competent engineer, you have to build up a library in your mind of what instruments sound like naturally -- one at a time, and in ensembles. Truer words were never spoken. View your time spent developing listening skills just as you would doing homework. Go out once a week or once a month. Listen to classical, listen to jazz. If you want to be a recording engineer, you need to hear it all. Because one day, you’re going to be in a session, and somebody is going to come in with an accordion, a didgeridoo, a harp, or a banjo. You should know how each instrument naturally sounds. One day, I was engineering a jingle session and the producer brought in a gentleman who said, “I’m a whistler.” That was one of the hardest things I ever had to record in my engineering career. I had to experiment with a number of different setups to get it right. But I started by just standing in the room with him and moving around to assess how he sounded in different spots in the room as he whistled, before I even plugged in a mic.
6. Having audio expertise. You have to develop a thorough knowledge of audio, such as signal flow, phase, and microphone selection and placement. Whether you are self-taught or went to a recording school, you have to acquire the basic knowledge of how to make a recording, do overdubs, and handle a mixdown efficiently.
7. Having a good “bedside manner.” That’s the mood or tone that an engineer sets as they work with a client or artist on a session. Why is that important? The most successful studio engineers I know are the ones that create an environment that is conducive to getting creative work done. The finest equipment doesn’t mean a thing if the vibe is not good in the studio. Even if you have a $750,000 recording console, what good is it if when the artist walks in, he or she doesn’t feel comfortable? If artists are cared for, even pampered, a good engineer will capture their best performance. So now you know the basic marketable skill set required to have a solid career in engineering. When a student asks me, “What do I have to do to get a job as an engineer?” Well, get those seven things together. The first six, you can learn in school. The seventh, there’s only one-way to learn it: experience. You’ve got to sit down in a session and watch other experienced engineers work, in order to observe and learn what’s good about their bedside manners. That’s why it’s a good idea to start out at an established studio that provides some training or internships. That way, you can learn from pros. It’s also very helpful if you’ve played music, can read music, or are conversant with the musical language. Know enough about musical structure to understand what forte, ritardando, and the “B” section of a musical chart represent. If you are booked to record a Dixieland band next week, go to a record store or online and buy a couple of well-regarded Dixieland records. It won’t break your bank account to spend a few bucks and a couple of hours listening to them to understand how the instruments blend and how the solos sit in the mix. Then, when that Dixieland band walks in and you meet the musicians, you’ve already got a point of departure to build a rapport. You can say, “Yeah, I bought a Turk Murphy recording, and I was checking out how these guys sounded together.” The band will think, “My engineer took the time to learn something about what we do. All right! Let’s make a great recording.”
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